Ownership and Funding.

OWNERSHIP CONCEPTS

• Public Service Broadcasting (PSB):

Public service broadcasting includes radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. In much of the world, funding comes from the government, especially via annual fees charged on receivers. The most widely popular public service broadcaster in the UK is the BBC.

• Commercial Broadcasting:

Commercial Broadcasting, also known as private broadcasting, is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship. An example of a commercial broadcaster would be ITV.

• Corporate and Private Ownership:

A privately held company or close corporation is a business company owned neither by non-governmental organizations nor by a relatively small number of shareholders or company members which do not offer or trade its company stock to the general public on the stock market, but is rather traded or exchanged privately. Virgin Media are a privately owned company.

• Global Companies:

Global Companies, or Global Multinational Enterprises, are massive companies that work on a global scale working and controlling different stores and other companies around the world, as opposed to companies that work on a regional scale. A perfect example of a global company would be Unilever, they oversee many different products that are sold around the world and makes a huge sum of money from doing so.

• Vertical & Horizontal Integration:

A horizontal integration consists of companies that acquire a similar company in the same industry, while a vertical integration consists of companies that acquire a company that operates either before or after the acquiring company in the production process. Walt Disney is a good example for this as they have bought many companies such as Lucasarts and Marvel Studios. 

FUNDING TYPES

• The Licence Fee:

An annual fee, used to finance the BBC, which is payable by each household in which television programmes are watched. Or a fee paid to an organization for permission to own, use, or do something. For example, you have to pay a certain sum of money in order to keep your TV. If not paid, it will be taken from you until payed.

• Subscription:

A subscription is when someone pays a monthly or yearly fee to gain special access to websites and other things such as Netflix or Amazon Prime.

• One-off payment:

A one-off payment is when you purchase something that only needs to be purchased once such as DVD's, CD's and magazines. At which point you can watch them over and over again without having to pay for them every time you wish to do so.

• Pay Per View: 

Pay-Per-View is a type of payed television service by which a subscriber can purchase different media content, mainly films, to watch via a private telecast. A service that does pay-per-view would be Sky Box Office. 

• Sponsorship:

A sponsorship is when a person, firm, or an organization, finances and buys the time to broadcast a radio or television program so as to advertise a product, a political party, etc. A fine example of this is this year, AO had sponsored Britain's Got Talent, and so at the start of every advert sequence, there would be a message saying "Britain's Got Talent, sponsored by AO.com".

• Advertising:

Advertising is when a company shows off a product that has either been recently released or is going to be released, in order to grab the attention of the viewer, in hope that they will go an buy their product. As seen here McDonald's is advertising their burgers and are making them look delicious. In hope that the viewers will go to buy these.

• Product Placement:

Product Placement is a practice in which manufacturers of goods or providers of a service gain exposure for their products by paying for them to be featured in films and television programmes. In a lot of movies there will be scenes in which other products will be shown off. For example, in the program 'The Big Bang Theory' there is a Scene in which the character Sheldon cannot decide whether he wants a PS4 or Xbox One, both brands are seen in the shot.

• Private Capital:

Private Capital is a broad label applied to any private investment fund that invests in the equity or debt securities of privately held companies, real estate and other real assets. An example of this would be Facebook as it is a privately held company.

• Crowd-Funding:

Crowd funding is the practice of funding a project or venture by raising money from a large number of people who each contribute a relatively small amount, typically via the Internet. For example, 'Pizza for Heroes' set a goal of $500 and then got a grand total of $636.

• Development Funds:

Market development funds are used in an indirect sales channel where funds are made available by a manufacturer or brand to help affiliates, channel partners, re-sellers, or distributors, etc. Sell its products and create local awareness about the national brand. An example of film development funding would be BFI (British Film Institute). They support film makers by providing funds for their development and production of their films that they will be making. 

Response letter to Job advert.

07/06/2017

To whom it may concern,

I was browsing the internet looking for jobs when I came across your advert for the position of a digital video production producer, and I have noticed some things within this advert that are quite concerning and I would like to address them in this letter. If I was applying for this job and my application were to be successful, I would expect to see that my contract has confidentiality clauses and exclusivity clauses. I must point out that it is extremely unfair if the job hours are between 10 – 45 hours a week and then you cannot go an apply for other jobs in the media industry if the application is successful. Not fair at all.

Within your advert, it says that you are looking for “male/female (aged below 30)” and are looking for people who are Christian. This is wrong because it infringes The Equality Act (2010). The equal opportunities legislation states that discrimination on grounds of race, gender or age is illegal. This advert goes completely against this statement. It should not matter how old you are whether you are below or above 30, everyone should have the same chance at getting the job no matter what age. In addition, saying that you have to be Christian is completely unnecessary and unfair to anyone who is not a Christian. It really should not matter what religion you are and it should not stop you from getting a job. As part of the application process, you state that one must plan and produce a short documentary that promotes the ‘No means No date rape campaign’. I believe this has to be one of the most outrageous requirements for a job I have ever seen. There are so many things wrong with this request. First, showing this kind of subject is highly frowned upon and is morally wrong, No one is their first year of high school would really want to see anything to do with rape. Secondly, the employers’ liability and employees’ rights have not been taken into consideration at all. For example, if someone were to go out and try to film this documentary and you did somehow manage to get hold of either a female victim or a male offender, what if something they say offends the interviewee and then the interviewer gets into trouble. Are they going to be protected? No, because they are not employed by you yet. It will be difficult to even get hold of an offender and even if you do how do you guarantee that this person is going to tell the truth? You can’t, and there is no way of getting someone to do so either. Another point is if someone goes to an institution in which there may be more offenders to interview, what if you’re attacked, once again you won’t be protected. Other complaint I have on this specific subject is that what if one of the female victims have horrid memories because of what had happened or what if the interviewer has a hard time making this film as it is a touching subject. All of this also links in with the Health of Safety legislation. Nothing is risk assessed and that could be bad for anyone and everyone. I have noticed that you have stated that it is "Female Victims" and "Male offenders". You should not be demonizing males as the only one who do these kinds of acts. Females also do these kind of acts as well, I'm not saying that females can be rapists too, all I am saying is that when it happens to a man, it is never reported.

This advert creates a few ethical issues, for one being the contents of the documentary that may be made. You should really take into consideration the fact that for everyone who wants to apply for this job and sees this advert, they will all be going to try to film this documentary and so this could be horrible for the people who are going to be interviewed. That is why the codes of practice and the policies and procedures were put in place to stop any legal issues.

The documentary that people will have to make will most likely go against the OFCOM broadcasting code, and particularly the protecting the under 18s and harm and offence sections. For example, OFCOM states “Material that might seriously impair the physical, mental or moral development of people under eighteen must not be broadcast”. This does link in with your requirements as filming something like this could have an emotional impact on the girl. And in the harm and offence section it states, “Generally accepted standards must be applied to the contents of television and radio services and BBC ODPS so as to provide adequate protection for members of the public from the inclusion in such services of harmful and/or offensive material.” Also links in with the safety of the victims. Just take note that OFCOM exists because of the Communications Act 2003) and The Broadcasting Act (1990). This documentary could also be counted as obscene because of the content involved and that would go against the Obscene Publications Act (1959). Let us say this video was made and was planned on being released, I think the video would get a mature rating such as a 15 because rape is not a subject that children should really be learning about at their age. As I have previously stated, this is a touching subject that could bring back horrible and traumatic memories for victims and so this would lead to the BBFC giving it a 15, this I must add is in my opinion. My final complaint is that you ask to add a popular soundtrack over the top of the documentary, which will most likely have a copyright claim, and you say that we will be recompensed up to the value of £20 for the production of the video. First of all, using music that has a copyright mark on it breaches the Intellectual Property Law. Furthermore, £20 is way too low to even consider making this documentary, you can’t really expect anyone to use music that has a copyright claim on it and get £20 pounds to compensate for it. Saying that you have to use a popular music track could encourage people to break the law and use music that has a copyright claim on it, and so if one person starts to use music that has a copyright mark on it, it will cause a chain of events and then everyone who applies will eventually be breaking the law.

Yours sincerely,

Luca Hawes.

Careers Handbook & C.V.

Technologies in the Television and Film Industry

Job roles in the television and film industry